Thrips are a diverse group of hemimetabolous insects that have a range of diets consisting of both plant and animal prey, depending on the species in question. Thrips, order thysanoptera, any of approximately 5,000 species of insects that are among the smallest of the winged insects and are abundant in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. Thrips hawaiiensis could be also reared by the same method. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species. Pdf several permanent populations of thrips hawaiiensis morgan, 19. Most feed on fungi and live in leaf litter or on dead wood.
The present study aimed to determine the effects of temperature on the development, survival, and reproduction of thrips hawaiiensis thysanoptera. Pdf biology and ecology of the western flower thrips. Thrips, which belong to the order of thysanoptera and the family thripidae, are distributed worldwide, present in tropics to polar regions, depending on the species. In recent years, melon thrips has spread from southeast asia to most of the rest of asia, and to many pacific ocean islands, north africa, australia, central and south america, and the caribbean. However, despite the published lists of crops attacked, evidence for crop losses are by no means clear, apart from bananas where corky scab induced by thrips feeding can reduce. Thrips fhysanoptera are very small insects, widespread throughout the world with a preponderance of tropical species, many temperate ones, and even a few living in arctic regions. Notes relating to the current geographical distribution, identification, biology and risk of establishment of this potentially invasive species in europe are provided. Seven thrips have been noted as major pests, thrips tabaci on amaryllidae. Of the approximately 5,000 species so far identified, only a few hundred are crop pests, causing serious damage or transmitting diseases to growing crops and. Thripidae, an asian pest thrips now established in europe article pdf available in bulletin oeppeppo bulletin 381.
Thrips hawaiiensis morgan, 19, a new species for the. The genus thrips is the second largest genus in the thysanoptera, and currently includes, worldwide, about 285 species. An thrips hawaiiensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga thrips, ngan familia nga thripidae. Thripidae, a species originating from asia and the pacific, is reported for the first time in the western palaeartic zone in the south of france. A photobased key of thrips thysanoptera associated with. Thrips order thysanoptera are minute mostly 1 mm long or less, slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts.
Frankliniella intonsa on green asparagus and cut flowers. Thrips species feed on a large variety of sources both plant and animal by puncturing them and sucking up the contents. Several of them attack vegetable crops, particularly tobacco thrips thrips tabaci lindeman and californian thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande. Prior to the introduction, pollination was by wind and thrips thrips hawaiiensis, which were less efficient. Ontogenesis of two thrips species, frankliniella occidentalis and suocerathrips linguis, is described to show the wide range of biology during larval and adult phases. In the flowering period, the thrips population increased significantly and species composition became complicated in the field, with thrips hawaiiensis and f. Tripidae t2 proceedings of the entomological society of washington. Thrips hawaiiensis appeared to be harmful on lemon flowers and fruits. Section iii deals in detail with thrips ecology, especially survival in unfavorable weather, migration and dispersal, population dynamics and community structure, and finally section iv. Depending on the extent of feeding, flowers become flecked, spotted, or deformed. An overview of chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis thysanoptera. Thrips puncture the leaves, flowers, or stems with their mouth parts and suck up the exuding sap. Thrips hawaiiensis morgan, 19 is an important insect pest of fruits and vegetables.
Anthesis and receptivity occur in the male and female inflorescences about 2 months after emergence. The order name thysanoptera is derived from greek thyasnos fringe. This is one of the most common and widespread flower thrips across asia to the pacific islands, and is also introduced to the caribbean and southern florida. An established population of thrips hawaiiensis morgan thysanoptera. Eggs are elongated, oval to kidney shaped, faintly to distinctly sculptured, and, as is the case in other minute insects, are. Jun 01, 2017 as with all pests, proper identification of thrips is the first step in developing a response to an infestation, and the digital micrograph key provided here was developed to facilitate and enhance the ability of both taxonomists and nonspecialists to identify thrips associated with horticultural crops in florida see table 1 for species list. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Pdf several permanent populations of thrips hawiiensis morgan were discovered. For a better understanding of the genetic makeup and migration patterns of t. Thrips hawaiiensis an overview sciencedirect topics. Text is available under the creative commons attributionsharealike license.
Some, such as those of dendrothrips and scirtothrips, breed only on leaves, with scirtothrips species apparently particularly dependent on actively dividing young tissues for successful breeding. The making of a pest article pdf available in florida entomologist 92. Look for silvery feeding scars on leaf surfaces of host plants, especially alongside the midrib and veins. Thripidae biology, distribution and management, weed and pest control conventional and new challenges, sonia soloneski and marcelo larramendy, intechopen, doi. Weeping fig thrips, gynaikothrips uzeli zimmerman, is an exotic pest that was recently found in california on the popular ornamental plant, ficus benjamina l.
By virtue of their pollen feeding habit, they attend the flowers during anthesis and carry at least a minimum load of 15 to 30 pollen grains per individual and transfer them on to the stigma during their inter and intra movement between the flowersflorets or inflorescence. Many of these species have the antennae clearly 7segmented, whereas others have 8 segments. Biology and economic importance of flower thrips 2 highly dispersing, moving rapidly between flowers ramachandran et al. Body brown, or sometimes bicolored with head and thorax paler than dark abdomen. Thripidae are a major pest of tomato primarily in the. Collected at bogor, and at cianjur, it is very similar to hawaiiensis in structure and biology mound and masumoto 2005. The melon thrips, thrips palmi karny, is a major pest of vegetables and some other important crops. The hawaiian flower thrips feeds only on flowers of hosts takahashi, 1936. Biology and control of thrips on seedling cotton thrips are the smallest of all cotton insect pests with an overall body length of less than onetwelfth of an inch. More than 7700 species were recorded, despite only about 1% of this group could damage the various crops morse and. It prefers to feed on onions, but feeds on many field crops, vegetables, various flowers, and bedding plants. The species that feed on higher plants occur mostly in the family thripidae. In hainan, the dominant thrips species during the shoot period and young fruit stage was scirtothrips dorsalis hood. Thrips is the largest genus of thrips, with over 280 species, most of which are found in europe, africa and the mediterranean basin.
The pest status of onion thrips can be attributed to its polyphagous nature, high reproductive rate, short generation time, high survival of cryptic nonfeeding prepupa and pupa instars, ability to reproduce without mating. Thrips of the order thysanoptera are an increasing threat to the production of mango, mangifera indica l. It was first reported in the united states in 2003 in florida. An overview of chilli thrips, scirtothrips dorsalis. Thrips hawaiiensis browse species thrips of california. Jul 29, 2014 thrips hawaiiensis morgan, 19 is an important insect pest of fruits and vegetables. Rose thrips biology, nature of damage and management. They are often considered as one of the most economically important insect pests in agroecosystems all over the world lewis, 1973. Thrips hawaiiensis host plant behavior preference biology supplemental foods ipm handling editor. Thrips hawaiiensis has sternites iiivii with at least 1 pair of discal setae and pleurotergites without discal setae thrips australis, thrips microchaetus, thrips subnudula and thrips tenellus, all of them have sternites iiivii with at. They inhabit leaves, shoots, and flowers of many plants. It seriously damages several plants such as mangoes, coffee, citrus, apples, pears and bananas, and has a beneficial role in. Onion thrips have been found in most countries throughout the world. Other species occur on each of the continents, including one species described from antarctica.
The western flower thrips is the most widespread and troublesome thrips for british columbia growers, but other species can also be serious pests. Studies on soil pupation in some phytophagous thrips. It also occurs in several southern and eastern states of the usa. Hatching of eggs within the female ovoviparity, occurs in some highly evolved members of the tubulifera. Thrips are economically important since some species transmit plant viruses.
On some new records of predators of thrips flavus schrank and thrips hawaiiensis morgan thysanoptera. Biology and pest status of western flower thrips 7 biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. Most of the 60 adult thrips in the blueberry flowers were thrips species, either t. The following are ranked with the pesticides having the greatest ipm value listed firstthe most effective and least harmful to natural enemies, honey bees, and the environment are at the top of the table. Heavily infested plants are characterized by silvered or bronzed appearance of leaves, stunted leaves and terminals, and scarred and deformed fruits. Some of these compounds can increase the trap capture of these thrips species in both commercial greenhouses and broad acre commercial.
Feeding damage results in foldedleaf galls and prolonged, severe infestations can lead to defoliation and stunted growth. The first describes the biology and behavior of individuals, the second, the techniques needed to study field populations, a hitherto sparsely documented topic. Antennae are gray with the first segment lighter than other segments. As with all pests, proper identification of thrips is the first step in developing a response to an infestation, and the digital micrograph key provided here was developed to facilitate and enhance the ability of both taxonomists and nonspecialists to identify thrips associated with horticultural crops in florida see table 1 for species list. Thrips are frequently found in pockets, cracks, or crevices on host material. Thrips in the suborder terebrantia always lay eggs, as do most thrips in the more advanced suborder tubulifera. Heavily infested plants are characterized by silvered or bronzed appearance of leaves. Mango flower thrips feed on petals, anthers, pollen and floral nectaries, resulting in the discolouration and malformation of panicles higgins 1992. An thrips hawaiiensis in uska species han insecta nga syahan ginhulagway ni gary scott morgan hadton 19. General information about thrips hawaiiensis thriha eppo global database. Information on its spread and assessment in italy and in other countries, biology and control on the main economic importance crops have been reported.
Thripidae, is a pest in commercially produced onion allium cepa l. They fly only weakly and their feathery wings are unsuitable for conventional. There are about 5000 described species of thrips insects in the order thysanoptera 1,2. Thrips includes the species of thrips most frequently intercepted at ports of entry into the united states, t. Owing to the presence of pollens, flower thrips could lay large numbers of eggs and complete their whole life cycle. Buli fu, qiang li, and haiyan qiu have contributed equally to the study as the cofirst authors.
Thrips thysanoptera are one of the pollinating insect groups. Book of abstracts of second symposium on palaeartic thysanoptera, 1820 september 2007, strunjan, slovenia. Thrips hawaiiensis is very similar to some other thrips species like thrips acaciae, thrips brevisetosus, thrips florum, thrips gowdeyi and thrips simplex. The main purpose of this book is to complement the hitherto largely descriptive works on the order thysanoptera, by presenting thrips as living animals, stressing the behaviour of individuals and populations, their varied and complex relationships with plants, other animals and the physical components of their abundance in undisturbed and in cultivated habitats, and in cultivated economic.
Feeding by thrips may reduce seed production, disfigure flowers and fruits, and damage plant leaves. Pupa is hidden in soil or curled leaves for chilli thrips and is not typically. Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. Rose thrips biology, nature of damage and management authors. When choosing a pesticide, consider information relating to air and water quality, resistance management, and the pesticides properties and application timing.
The life cycle of this thrips has not been determined. Despite their small size, these insects have the potential to cause yield reductions of more than 100 pounds of lint per acre. Adults of these species can rapidly recolonize a crop treated with an insecticide resulting in an apparent rather than a real lack of control. Thrips hawaiiensis a pest thrips from asia newly introduced into italy. The characters of thrips hawaiiensis collected in this study were compared with the descriptions in mound and azidah 2009. The biology of thrips is not the biology of their adults. It was first reported in the united states in 2003 in florida and is currently present in some. The identification of larvae to the respective genera was conducted based on guidance furnished by dr. Species in the thripidae exhibit a wide range of biologies. Thrips are a cosmopolitan order consisting of about 4,000 named species. By then no adequate method for biological control of thrips was available. At present, it is primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical area. Although chemicals are the primary control measure in taiwan, the use of repellent silver mulches, wrapped bags and parasitic or predatory natural enemies are.
Thrips are tiny insects with fringed wings that can range in size from 0. Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Thysanoptera thrips within citrus orchards in florida. Species composition and distribution of thrips thysanoptera. Polymorphic microsatellite markers in thrips hawaiiensis. Thrips hawaiiensis thrihaoverview eppo global database. Thrips as crop pests is a compendium of 18 chapters on basic biology, research methods, and management of thrips, those minute, haplodiploid, mostly plantfeeding insects that are useful for addressing fundamental questions in biology, but extremely injurious to a tremendous diversity of crops and trees worldwide.
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